by Financial Finesse
CHILDREN AND GENDER INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM DENMARK
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
CHILDREN AND GENDER INEQUALITY:
EVIDENCE FROM DENMARK
Henrik Kleven
Camille Landais
Jakob Egholt Søgaard
Working Paper 24219
http://www.nber.org/papers/w24219
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
January 2018
Despite considerable gender convergence over time, substantial gender inequality persists in all
countries. Using Danish administrative data from 1980-2013 and an event study approach, we
show that most of the remaining gender inequality in earnings is due to children. The arrival of
children creates a gender gap in earnings of around 20% in the long run, driven in roughly equal
proportions by labor force participation, hours of work, and wage rates. Underlying these “child
penalties”, we find clear dynamic impacts on occupation, promotion to manager, sector, and the
family friendliness of the firm for women relative to men. Based on a dynamic decomposition
framework, we show that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has increased
dramatically over time, from about 40% in 1980 to about 80%in 2013. As a possible explanation
for the persistence of child penalties, we show that they are transmitted through generations, from
parents to daughters (but not sons), consistent with an influence of childhood environment in the
formation of women’s preferences over family and career
The Impact of Equal Pay on Poverty and the Economy
Jessica Milli, Ph.D., Yixuan Huang, Heidi Hartmann Ph.D., and Jeff Hayes, Ph.D.
This briefing paper summarizes analyses of the 2014-2016 Current Population Survey Annual
Social and Economic supplement and uses statistical controls for labor supply, human capital,
and labor market characteristics to estimate: 1) how much women’s earnings and family incomes
would rise if working women were paid the same as comparable men (men who work the same
number of hours, are the same age, have the same educational attainment and urban/rural status
and live in the same region of the country); 2) how much women and their families lose because
women earn less than similarly qualified men; 3) how many children would benefit from the
increased earnings of their mothers; 4) how many children and families would be brought out of
poverty if women received equal pay; and 5) how much the economy as a whole suffers from
inequality in pay between women and men.
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Parties ordered to obey two-thirds gender rule
Standard Digital April 21, 2017 By Paul O. Ogemba Political parties have been ordered to come up with modalities to ensure they comply with the two-thirds gender rule during their nominations. Justice Chacha Mwita ruled that no political party should present a list of candidates for nominations for the seats of MPs, senators and MCAs that does not comply with …
Five Ways to Win an Argument about the Gender Wage Gap (Updated 2017)
1. Other data series on weekly or hourly earnings are not necessarily more accurate than the annual figure.
2. The annual wage ratio of 80.5 percent is actually a moderate estimate of gender pay inequality. Women of color fare much worse. Part-time
3. Women’s ‘choices’ are not necessarily choices.
4. There is no proof that being a mother makes a woman less productive on the job.
5. Discrimination is still a factor—a big one—in the gender wage gap.
Debunking myths Discrimination against women Pay parity Wage gap Workplace Tools Women’s issues
Is This How Discrimination Ends?
The Atlantic May 7,2017 By Jessica Nordell On a cloudy day in February, Will Cox pointed to a pair of news photos that prompted a room of University of Wisconsin, Madison, graduate students to shift in their seats. In one image, a young African American man clutches a carton of soda under his arm. Dark water swirls around his torso; …
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San Diego approves equal pay law to address persistent gender gap
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